The effects of non-renewable energy, renewable energy, economic growth, and foreign direct investment on the sustainability of African countries

This study explores the dynamic effect of non-renewable energy, renewable economic growth, and foreign direct investment on environmental degradation in twenty selected African countries over period 2000–2015. We have adopted Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis Pollution Haven/Halo simultaneously. In first stage, this paper performs cross-independence test found cross-sectional dependence carbon emissions, energy. second it applies generation unit root tests for panel data that all concerning variables are I(1) except growth which is I(0). Therefore, we used Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach using Pooled Mean Group, Dynamic Fixed Effect estimators. The results indicate independent significant positive to CO2 emissions energy negative only long term. Moreover, did not hold our sample, while strong evidence Haven countries.